Robust Watermarking Using FFT and Cordic QR Techniques

Digital media sharing and access in today’s world of the internet is very frequent for every user. The management of digital rights may come into threat easily as the accessibility of data through the internet become wide. Sharing digital information under security procedures can be easily compromised due to the various vulnerabilities floating over the internet. Existing research has been tied to protecting internet channels to ensure the safety of digital data. Researchers have investigated various encryption techniques to prevent digital rights management but certain challenges including external potential attacks cannot be avoided that may give unauthorized access to digital media. The proposed model endorsed the concept of watermarking in digital data to uplift media security and ensure digital rights management. The system provides an efficient procedure to conduct over-watermarking in digital audio signals and confirm the avoidance of ownership of the host data. The proposed technique uses a watermark picture as a signature that has been initially encrypted with Arnold's cat map and cyclic encoding before being embedded. The upper triangular R-matrix component of the energy band was then created by using the Fast Fourier transform and Cordic QR procedures to the host audio stream. Using PN random sequences, the encrypted watermarking image has been embedded in the host audio component of the R-matrix. The same procedure has been applied to extract the watermark image from the watermarked audio. The proposed model evaluates the quality of the watermarked audio and extracted watermark image. The average PSNR of the watermarked audio is found to be 37.01 dB. It has also been seen that the average PSNR, Normal cross-correlation, BER, SSMI (structure similarity index matric) value for the extracted watermark image is found to be 96.30 dB, 0.9042 units, 0.1033 units, and 0.9836 units respectively. Further, the model has been tested using various attacks to check its robustness. After applying attacks such as noising, filtering, cropping, and resampling on the watermarked audio, the watermark image has been extricated and its quality has been checked under the standard parameters. It has been found that the quality of the recovered watermark image satisfying enough to justify the digital ownership of the host audio. Hence, the proposed watermarking model attains a perfect balance between imperceptibility, payload, and robustness

OPTIMIZATION AND PREPARATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE INCORPORATED TRANSDERMAL PATCH OF TIMOLOL MALEATE USING FACTORIAL DESIGN

Objective: Transdermal patch of timolol maleate was prepared in order to increase the permeability of the drug topically. Methods: The timolol maleate (TM) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. For the optimization process full factorial (three-factor and three-level), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) range from 100 to 300 mg, ethylcellulose 100 to 200 gm and almond oil 3 to 4 ml. The response noted in form of tensile strength and percent drug release. These transdermal patches were evaluated for physical characterization like weight variation, thickness, percentage moisture absorption, percentage moisture loss, water vapor transmission rate, folding endurance, tensile strength, and content uniformity. Results: Solid lipid nanoparticles of TM were optimized and prepared, the data presented that drug release percent ranged from 66.12 to 91.75. 2FI model was observed to fit for response % drug permeation with a p and F value of 0.0271 and 4.50. The tensile strength varies from 0.358 to 0.508. The linear model was observed to fit for the tensile strength response with a p-value and F-value of<0.0001 and 52.41. Conclusion: The controlled release formulation of Timolol Maleate was successfully optimized and prepared, a study conducted to investigate the effect of different polymers and type of permeation time profiles from Timolol Maleate patches

OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN-BASED NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING METHYLPREDNISOLONE USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN FOR THE TREATMENT OF CROHN’S DISEASE

Objective: The present research was designed to produce methylprednisolone containing chitosan-based nanoparticles using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization. Methods: Nanostructures were prepared using the ionic gelation method with screened process parameters. According to the design, methylprednisolone chitosan-based nanoparticles (MCSNPs) were optimized using factors like methylprednisolone concentration, stirring speed and temperature whereas particle size, zeta potential and % encapsulation efficiency as responses. From the observed values of responses with confirmation location and desirability, the predicted values were very close to the observed values. Results: Observed values for the optimized formulation have a particle size of 243±2.33 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 79.3±7.2%. Morphology of the particles using scanning electron microscopy reveals nearly spherical shaped particles. Methylprednisolone was released in vitro in a sustained manner for about 24 h in simulated colonic fluid pH 7, pH 7.8 (Fasted state) and phosphate buffer pH 7.4, when compared to simulated colonic fluid at pH 6 (Fed state). Optimized MCSNPs followed Korsmeyer peppas kinetics with drug release mechanism as anomalous transport. Conclusion: Application of Box-Behnken design and Response Surface Methodology using Design Expert software was successfully used in the optimization of methylprednisolone loaded chitosan-based nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency

Synthesis, Characterization And Antimicrobial Activity Of Novel Substituted Aryl- 1,3,4-Oxadiazolo-[3,2-A]-1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives

Bioactive heterocyclic rings 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,5-triazine are fused with expectation of enhanced biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds. Hence Synthesized fused heterocyclic compounds as a substituted aryl- 1,3,4-oxadiazolo-[3,2-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by physical and spectral analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacterial strains and fungal strains. Some of these compounds have shown significant antibacterial and antifungal activity

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISSOLVING FILM OF TADALAFIL

This research work was aimed to enhance the oral bioavailability and provide faster onset of action of Tadalafil (used for the treatment of the erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension) by formulating its mouth dissolving film (MDF). Tadalafil belongs to BCS class II and the oral bioavailability of it’s about 28%. The MDF of Tadalafil was prepared by solvent casting method using HPMC-E5 (film forming agent), Methyl cellulose (thickening agent), Propylene glycol (plasticizer), Tween-80 (solubilizing agent), Microcrystalline cellulose (disintegrating agent), Citric acid (saliva stimulating agent), Sucrose (sweetening agent), Vanillin (flavoring agent), EDTA disodium (preservative). The formulation was optimized by two factors, three level (23) full factorial design using concentration of Plasticizer (X1) and concentration of film forming agent (X2) as independent variables and formulation was evaluated for uniformity of mass, thickness, folding endurance, drug content uniformity, in-vitro disintegration, in-vitro drug dissolution study and stability study. Based on results it was concluded that MDF (F5) showed enhanced bioavailability and faster onset of action as compared to available tablet dosage form

Soil conservation issues in India

Despite years of study and substantial investment in remediation and prevention, soil erosion continues to be a major environmental problem with regard to land use in India and elsewhere around the world. Furthermore, changing climate and/or weather patterns are exacerbating the problem. Our objective was to review past and current soil conservation programmes in India to better understand how production-, environmental-, social-, economic- and policy-related issues have affected soil and water conservation and the incentives needed to address the most critical problems. We found that to achieve success in soil and water conservation policies, institutions and operations must be co-ordinated using a holistic approach. Watershed programmes have been shown to be one of the most effective strategies for bringing socio-economic change to different parts of India. Within both dryland and rainfed areas, watershed management has quietly revolutionized agriculture by aligning various sectors through technological soil and water conservation interventions and land-use diversification. Significant results associated with various watershed-scale soil and water conservation programmes and interventions that were effective for reducing land degradation and improving productivity in different parts of the country are discussed

New Proxy Blind Multi Signature based on Integer-Factorization and Discrete-Logarithm Problems

Digital proxy multi-signature and blind signature scheme are found very useful for the purpose of electronic voting and electronic cash transaction. In proxy multi-signature, many original signers can delegate their signing power to a proxy signer in such a way that the proxy signer can sign any message on behalf of original signers. In blind signature, the signer cannot make a linkage between the blind signature and the identity of the requester. Proxy blind multi-signature is the combination of proxy multi-signature and blind signature. In this paper, we propose a new proxy blind multi-signature scheme based on integer factorization problem (IFP) and discrete logarithm problem (DLP) to improve the security aspect. It satisfies the security properties of both the blind signature and the proxy multi-signature scheme

New Lattice Based Signature Using The Jordan Normal Form

In this paper it is shown that the use of Jordan normal form instead of Hermite normal form would improve substantially the efficiency and the security of the lattice based signature scheme. In this scheme we also use a new hash function in such a way that the efficiency improved is obtain without decreasing the security of the function